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| CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 27
| Issue : 3 | Page : 457-460 |
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Intraoral hydatid cyst: A rare case report
Ravi Kiran Alaparthi, Samatha Yelamanchili, Purnachandrarao Naik Nunsavathu, Udaya Sode
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 25-Nov-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Purnachandrarao Naik Nunsavathu
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-1363.170486
 Abstract | | |
"Hydatid" is a Greek word which means "a drop of water." Hydatid cysts occur in hydatid disease or echinococcosis, which is one of the most geographically prevalent zoonosis. This zoonotic infection in humans is mainly caused by infection by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This tapeworm infestation is widespread in sheep, goats, cattle, and dogs. This chronic disease is present worldwide among herding populations who live in close proximity to dogs and herd animals. It is a serious and potentially fatal condition and symptoms may occur a long time after the early infection. The most frequently affected organs are liver, lungs, followed by bones and brain, and extremely unusual occurrence has been found in the oral cavity, which was noticed in the present case. So hereby, we reveal a very rare case of intraoral hydatid cyst in a 20-year-old female patient. Keywords: Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, hydatid cysts, intraoral
How to cite this article:
Alaparthi RK, Yelamanchili S, Nunsavathu PN, Sode U. Intraoral hydatid cyst: A rare case report. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2015;27:457-60 |
How to cite this URL:
Alaparthi RK, Yelamanchili S, Nunsavathu PN, Sode U. Intraoral hydatid cyst: A rare case report. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Jan 31];27:457-60. Available from: http://www.jiaomr.in/text.asp?2015/27/3/457/170486 |
| Introduction | |  |
Human infection with diverse echinococcal species is termed as hydatid disease. It has a worldwide distribution and was documented in India as well. It is acquired by the ingestion of eggs or gravid proglottids excreted from the definitive host or from eggs contained in faeces or plants contaminated with eggs or soil followed by direct hand to mouth transfer. The larvae released from the eggs penetrate the gut wall, enter the bloodstream, and disseminate to the deeper organs. The mainstream of the cysts is found in the liver, but others are found in lungs, bones, and brain, and only in about 2% of cases, the oral and maxillofacial region is affected. [1] The present case reveals a rare case of intraoral hydatid cyst in a 20-year-old female patient.
| Case Report | | |
A 20-year-old female presented with a small swelling at the right side of the cheek region intraorally for the past 5 days. Her history of presenting illness revealed that it was gradual in onset and had increased and attained the present size. There was an associated low-grade, intermittent fever 2 days before she visited the hospital and was not associated with pain or difficulty while chewing or during other functional activities. There was no abnormality detected on extraoral examination. Intraoral examination revealed the mucosal surface was absolutely normal bilaterally and upon palpation, a localized swelling was noticed in the right side buccal mucosa against 46, 47, 48 region at the occlusal level, which was measuring approximately 1 × 1 cm in size, roughly ovoid in shape with slightly rough surface texture, well circumscribed, nontender, and firm in consistency. The mass was freely movable in relation to the overlying mucosa, but was fixed to the masseter muscle anteriorly [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. There was no change in size of the mass while opening or closing the mouth and no spasm of the masseter muscle was observed. The examination of parotid gland and duct on the respective side was found to be normal with adequate salivary flow. Based on history and clinical examination, a provisional diagnosis of calcified buccal lymph node on the right side was made. Differential diagnoses of intramuscular calcification, rhabdomyoma, and solitary neurofibroma were considered. | Figure 2: Right buccal mucosa showing deep-seated mucosal mass on palpation
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Panoramic radiography (OPG) was advised which revealed no abnormality [Figure 3]. Ultrasonography (USG) of the right-sided cheek region revealed a thick-walled cystic lesion (1 × 0.8 cm) with hyperechoic mural focus deep to right masseter muscle at the level of angle of the mandible [Figure 4] and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings were suggestive of inflammatory lesion. Complete surgical excision was done [Figure 5] and the specimen was sent for histopathology. Histopathological findings confirmed it as hydatid cyst. Histopathological findings showed brood capsules originating as minute projections from the germinative layer. The parasite within the capsule was surrounded by three layers: Outer layer, intermediate layer, and inner layer. The outer layer consisted of fibrocellular connective tissue capsule with chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate containing chiefly lymphocytes and plasma cells. The intermediate layer showed white, non-nucleated, and numerous loosely arranged delicate laminations. The innermost layer showed three brood capsules (daughter cysts), which was a nucleated layer and consisted of clear fluid [Figure 6]. Patient was under regular follow-up and no recurrence was noted. | Figure 4: An ultrasound image of the cheek region showing a thick-walled cystic lesion (1 × 0.8 cm) with hyperechoic mural focus deep to right masseter muscle
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 | Figure 6: Photomicrograph showing brood capsules originating as minute projections from the germinative layer and the parasite within the capsule is surrounded by three layers
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| Discussion | | |
Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection occurring in humans and other animals like dogs, sheep, cattle, and fox. This parasitic disease is caused by cestodes of genus Echinococcus. [2] It is found to occur mostly in the Mediterranean countries, South America, Australia, central parts of Asia, and East African countries. [3] The parasitic infestations result in hydatid cyst, which is formed by the larval form E. granulosus. [4] The life cycle of this parasite occurs in two hosts, wherein the adult tapeworms reside in the intestine of carnivores, i.e. dogs and foxes, which are the definitive hosts, and the larval forms reside in the intermediate hosts, i.e. man, sheep, cattle, etc. Humans acquire this disease if he/she accidentally ingests the ova passed in the stool of dog or the food contaminated by ova or by contact with the infected dogs. [2],[4] The larva from the ova penetrates the intestinal mucosa and reaches the liver through the portal vein and develops into a cyst. Majority of the larvae affect the liver followed by lungs, abdominal cavity, kidneys, and bone. These cysts are very rarely positioned in the head and neck region [5] and few reported cases in literature showed site predilections like the right side submandibular region, [6] infratemporal region, [7] tongue, [5] and floor of the mouth. [8] Unlike the reported cases in literature, in the present case the buccal mucosa was affected.
The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for a year. The signs and symptoms depend on the cyst's location and size. The diagnosis of this condition can be made by histopathology, various imaging techniques [USG, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)], and serological tests and antigen assays. [8] At present, CT and USG are the most precious imaging techniques early in the disease process and frequently reveal one or more simple appearing cysts of varying sizes that are surrounded by either a thin, well-circumscribed wall or, less often, by a slightly thickened irregular wall. USG is helpful, particularly in the early stages, when the lesion is cystic, in detecting daughter cysts, hydatid sand, and hydatid membranes. According to recently published reports, MRI can differentiate parasitic, nonparasitic, or traumatic cysts by demonstrating "low-signal intensity rim," the so-called rim sign, which has been described as characteristic of hydatidosis. Among the serological methods, immunoelectrophoresis has 90-95% sensitivity and it remains positive for 1 year after the organism has been eradicated; so it has a role in screening in endemic areas. The presence of an antigen specific for E. granulosus that appeared immunoelectrophoretically as a band of characteristic morphology and location when tested against sera from human patients has been reported. [9] Surgical removal of cyst is the most common treatment, which was done in the present case, and it can be planned in a few cases in combination with chemotherapy.
| Conclusion | | |
As intraoral hydatid cyst is a tremendously unusual condition and very few cases have been reported in literature, a high index of suspicion is desirable for diagnosing these cysts when they are situated in a strange location in order to arrive at a correct diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
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